Revision history for Literature
Additions:
On this page you can add or delete publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editing click "save" before leaving the page.
Publication types can't be removed as long as there are references of this type in the project.
Publication types can't be removed as long as there are references of this type in the project.
Deletions:
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your project. If there are already references in your project you can see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references or authors. Click a letter to open a list with references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Search by title" or "Search by author" box. Clicking a name opens the editing page of a reference.
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons/organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. You can't remove links from here. To remove taxon links go to the Taxon editor module. For links to persons or organisations go to the Actors module, for links to traits go the Traits module.
On this page you can add a new reference to the project. You can add a new verbatim author or link an author from the Actors module by clicking "add author" next to "author(s)". You can then choose an author from a list of authors already present in the Actors module. When you want to add an author this way which is not present in the Actors module yet, go to the Actors module and add the new author there first.
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. For links to persons or organisations go to the Actors module, for links to traits go the Traits module.
Article
Book
Book (part)
Chapter
Literature
Press release
Personal communication
Report
Series
Periodical
Web site
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons/organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. You can't remove links from here. To remove taxon links go to the Taxon editor module. For links to persons or organisations go to the Actors module, for links to traits go the Traits module.
On this page you can add a new reference to the project. You can add a new verbatim author or link an author from the Actors module by clicking "add author" next to "author(s)". You can then choose an author from a list of authors already present in the Actors module. When you want to add an author this way which is not present in the Actors module yet, go to the Actors module and add the new author there first.
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. For links to persons or organisations go to the Actors module, for links to traits go the Traits module.
Article
Book
Book (part)
Chapter
Literature
Press release
Personal communication
Report
Series
Periodical
Web site
Deletions:
**Before applying for your own site you can experiment with all the available functions of this module in the LNG Sandboxes: http://linnaeus.naturalis.nl/wiki/Sandboxes**
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. You can't remove links from here. To remove taxon links go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
On this page you can add a new reference to the project. You can add a new verbatim author. When you click "add author" next to "author(s)" you can choose an author from a list. Here you can only link authors already present in the Actor module. When you want to add a new author this way, go to the Actor module and add the new name there first.
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. For other links, go to the module involved.
Artikel
Boek
Boek (deel)
Hoofdstuk
Literatuur
Persbericht
Persoonlijke mededeling
Rapport
Serie
Tijdschrift
Website
Additions:
You now see the data from your spreadsheet presented in a series of columns. Per column you can specify to which field you want to map the data for that column. Default "ignore" is set. Choose author and title columns to try match (date/year is not required, but might help).
When you want to remove a column from the import click "remove column" on top of it.
When you want to remove a column from the import click "remove column" on top of it.
Deletions:
Additions:
You now see the data from your spreadsheet presented in a series of columns. Per column you can specify to which field you want to map the data for that column. Default "ignore" is set. When you want to remove a column from the import click "remove column" on top of it.
Deletions:
Additions:
On this page you can upload raw reference data in bulk. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types (use the system labels, not the translations):
Artikel
Boek
Boek (deel)
Database
Hoofdstuk
Literatuur
Manuscript
Persbericht
Persoonlijke mededeling
Rapport
Serie
Tijdschrift
Website
First prepare an excel file, one line for each reference. Copy the lines with references you want to upload and paste them in the text-box. When you copy-pasted the header line also check "first line has titles". Click "parse".
You now see the data from your spreadsheet presented in a series of columns. Per column you can specify to which field you want to map the data for that column. Default "ignore" is set. When you leave it like this the column is ignored and NOT imported.
Artikel
Boek
Boek (deel)
Database
Hoofdstuk
Literatuur
Manuscript
Persbericht
Persoonlijke mededeling
Rapport
Serie
Tijdschrift
Website
First prepare an excel file, one line for each reference. Copy the lines with references you want to upload and paste them in the text-box. When you copy-pasted the header line also check "first line has titles". Click "parse".
You now see the data from your spreadsheet presented in a series of columns. Per column you can specify to which field you want to map the data for that column. Default "ignore" is set. When you leave it like this the column is ignored and NOT imported.
Deletions:
Additions:
On this page you can add a new reference to the project. You can add a new verbatim author. When you click "add author" next to "author(s)" you can choose an author from a list. Here you can only link authors already present in the Actor module. When you want to add a new author this way, go to the Actor module and add the new name there first.
Deletions:
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. You can't remove links from here. To remove taxon links go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
Deletions:
Additions:
**Before applying for your own site you can experiment with all the available functions of this module in the LNG Sandboxes: http://linnaeus.naturalis.nl/wiki/Sandboxes**
Additions:
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. For other links, go to the module involved.
Deletions:
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". To link taxa click "add" behind 'link to taxa'. You can't remove links from here. To remove taxa go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
Deletions:
Deletions:
No Differences
No Differences
No Differences
Deletions:
====Bulk upload (further matching)====
====Bulk upload (saving)====
Additions:
After editing click "save" before leaving the page.
Deletions:
Additions:
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
Deletions:
Additions:
On this page you can add a new reference to the project. When you click "add author" you can choose an author from the list. You can only link authors already present in the Actor module. When you want to add a new author, go to the Actor module and add the new name there first.
Deletions:
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your project. If there are already references in your project you can see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references and authors. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Search by title" or "Search by author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
Deletions:
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your project. If there are already references in your project you can see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Search by title" or "Search by author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the options "new reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the options "new reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
Deletions:
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked taxa", "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
Deletions:
Additions:
On this page you can edit or delete a reference.
Deletions:
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your project. If there are already references in your project you can see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Find title" or "Find author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
Deletions:
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". If there are no links yet, you see stated "no links". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editor module. For other links, go to the module involved.
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
At the bottom of the page of the newly added reference you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
Deletions:
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
Additions:
On this page you can add a new literature reference to the project. When you click "add author" you can choose an author from the list. You can only link authors already present in the Actor module. When you want to add a new author, go to the Actor module and add the new name there first.
Deletions:
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your group. If there are already references in your project you can see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Find title" or "Find author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
When you made changes click "save" before leaving the page. To remove a reference click "delete reference".
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
On this page you can upload raw reference data in bulk. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
When you made changes click "save" before leaving the page. To remove a reference click "delete reference".
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You cannot add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
On this page you can upload raw reference data in bulk. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
Deletions:
When you made edits click "save" before leaving the page. To remove a reference click "delete reference".
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You can't add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
On this page you can bulk upload raw reference data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
Deletions:
No Differences
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You can't add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
On this page you can add new publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editing click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can bulk upload raw reference data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editor module.
On this page you can add new publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editing click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can bulk upload raw reference data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
Deletions:
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editer module.
On this page you can add new publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editting click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can bulk upload raw referece data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
Deletions:
Additions:
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching" or "publication types".
No Differences
No Differences
Additions:
The Literature module contains literature references for your group. If there are already references in your project you see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Find title" or "Find author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching"" or "publication types".
The Literature module contains literature references for your group. If there are already references in your project you see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Find title" or "Find author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching"" or "publication types".
On this page you can add a new literature reference to the project.
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You can't add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editer module.
Click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can edit or delete an existing reference.
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editer module.
When you made edits click "save" before leaving the page. To remove a reference click "delete reference".
On this page you can add new publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editting click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can bulk upload raw referece data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching"" or "publication types".
The Literature module contains literature references for your group. If there are already references in your project you see an A-Z bar along the top of the page listing the first letters of available references. Click on a letter to open a list with the references or authors starting with that letter. Or find a reference by typing in the "Find title" or "Find author" box. You can jump to a reference by clicking on its name in the list. This opens the editing page of the reference.
At the bottom of the page you can jump to the other options "new literature reference", "bulk upload & matching"" or "publication types".
On this page you can add a new literature reference to the project.
At the bottom of the page you see stated "(no links)". You can't add links from here. To link taxa go to the Taxon editer module.
Click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can edit or delete an existing reference.
At the bottom of the page you can examine which taxa, persons, organisations or traits are linked to this reference by clicking on "Linked names" or "Linked traits". You can't add or remove links from here. To link or remove taxa go to the Taxon editer module.
When you made edits click "save" before leaving the page. To remove a reference click "delete reference".
On this page you can add new publication types or edit the translations of existing ones. After editting click "save" before leaving the page.
On this page you can bulk upload raw referece data. TAB separated, like copy/pasted excel cells. Be sure to use legal publication types - use the system labels, not the translations.
Deletions:
**Poetry **is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "//any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses//".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
**Prose** is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
- **Novel**: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[24][25] in most European languages the equivalent term is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[25] In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.[26] Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[27] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history — roughly during the eighteenth century.[28] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[25][29][30]
- **Novella**: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- **Short story**: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
Drama is literature intended for performance.[43] The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading.
// "A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently."
//
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.
Literary genre is a mode of categorising literature. The term originates from French, designating a proposed type or class.[66] However, such classes are subject to change, and have been used in different ways in different periods and traditions.
1) Asemic writing
1) Children's literature
1) Cultural movement for literary movements.
1) English studies
1) Ergodic literature
1) Erotic literature
1) Hinman collator
1) Hungryalism
1) Literature basic topics
1) Literary agent
1) Literature cycle
1) Literary element
1) Literary magazine
1) Modern Language Association
1) Orature
1) Postcolonial literature
1) Rabbinic literature
1) Rhetorical modes
1) Vernacular literature
1) World literature
Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of works that originate in digital environments.
%%(language-ref)
Films, videos and broadcast soap operas
have carved out a niche which often parallels
the functionality of prose fiction.
%%
Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text.
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.
Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.
Maslow’s ‘‘__Third Force Psychology Theory’__’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living.
|=|Prize|=|Established||
||Nobel Prize in Literature ||since 1901||
||Franz Kafka Prize ||since 2001||
||Neustadt International Prize for Literature ||since 1970||
||International Rubery Book Award ||since 2010||
It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Additions:
Maslow’s ‘‘__Third Force Psychology Theory’__’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living.
|=|Prize|=|Established||
||Nobel Prize in Literature ||since 1901||
||Franz Kafka Prize ||since 2001||
||Neustadt International Prize for Literature ||since 1970||
||International Rubery Book Award ||since 2010||
It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
|=|Prize|=|Established||
||Nobel Prize in Literature ||since 1901||
||Franz Kafka Prize ||since 2001||
||Neustadt International Prize for Literature ||since 1970||
||International Rubery Book Award ||since 2010||
It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Deletions:
No Differences
Additions:
// "A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently."
//
//
Deletions:
//
Additions:
**Literature**, in its broadest sense, consists of any written productions. More restrictively, it refers to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, or which deploy language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera: letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).
**Poetry **is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "//any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses//".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
**Prose** is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
**Poetry **is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "//any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses//".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
**Prose** is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
Deletions:
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "//any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses//".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
Additions:
// "A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently."
//
//
Deletions:
Additions:
Drama is literature intended for performance.[43] The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading.
A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
Deletions:
Additions:
Films, videos and broadcast soap operas
have carved out a niche which often parallels
the functionality of prose fiction.
have carved out a niche which often parallels
the functionality of prose fiction.
Deletions:
Additions:
%%(language-ref)
%%
%%
Additions:
- **Novel**: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[24][25] in most European languages the equivalent term is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[25] In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.[26] Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[27] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history — roughly during the eighteenth century.[28] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[25][29][30]
- **Novella**: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- **Short story**: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
Maslow’s ‘‘__Third Force Psychology Theory’__’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
- **Novella**: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- **Short story**: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
Maslow’s ‘‘__Third Force Psychology Theory’__’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Deletions:
- Novella: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- Short story: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Additions:
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "//any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses//".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
Deletions:
Additions:
Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of works that originate in digital environments.
Films, videos and broadcast soap operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction.
Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text.
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.
Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.
Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Films, videos and broadcast soap operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction.
Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text.
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.
Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.
Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology.[62] The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self.[63] Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self.[64] In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”.[65] Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.
Deletions:
Additions:
Drama is literature intended for performance.[43] The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.[44] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.
Literary genre is a mode of categorising literature. The term originates from French, designating a proposed type or class.[66] However, such classes are subject to change, and have been used in different ways in different periods and traditions.
1) Asemic writing
1) Children's literature
1) Cultural movement for literary movements.
1) English studies
1) Ergodic literature
1) Erotic literature
1) Hinman collator
1) Hungryalism
1) Literature basic topics
1) Literary agent
1) Literature cycle
1) Literary element
1) Literary magazine
1) Modern Language Association
1) Orature
1) Postcolonial literature
1) Rabbinic literature
1) Rhetorical modes
1) Vernacular literature
1) World literature
1)
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.
Literary genre is a mode of categorising literature. The term originates from French, designating a proposed type or class.[66] However, such classes are subject to change, and have been used in different ways in different periods and traditions.
1) Asemic writing
1) Children's literature
1) Cultural movement for literary movements.
1) English studies
1) Ergodic literature
1) Erotic literature
1) Hinman collator
1) Hungryalism
1) Literature basic topics
1) Literary agent
1) Literature cycle
1) Literary element
1) Literary magazine
1) Modern Language Association
1) Orature
1) Postcolonial literature
1) Rabbinic literature
1) Rhetorical modes
1) Vernacular literature
1) World literature
1)
Additions:
Literature, in its broadest sense, consists of any written productions. More restrictively, it refers to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, or which deploy language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera: letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
- Novel: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[24][25] in most European languages the equivalent term is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[25] In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.[26] Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[27] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history — roughly during the eighteenth century.[28] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[25][29][30]
- Novella: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- Short story: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[19] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[20][21] hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.[18][22] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[23]
- Novel: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[24][25] in most European languages the equivalent term is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[25] In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.[26] Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[27] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history — roughly during the eighteenth century.[28] Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[25][29][30]
- Novella: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".[31] There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.[32] Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[33] which vary according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form] whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[34] It has been suggested that the size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the novel or short story,[35][36] and others unique to the form.[37]
- Short story: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,[38] variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers (e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g. Anton Chekhov).[39] Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure;[40][41] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.[42]
No Differences
